What Are the Bubbles in Boiling Water

Bubbles form when you boil water. Have you ever wondered whats inside them? Do bubbles form in other boiling liquids? Heres a look at the chemical composition of the bubbles, whether boiling water bubbles are different from those formed in other liquids, and how to boil water without forming any bubbles at all. Fast Facts: Boiling Water Bubbles Initially, the bubbles in boiling water are air bubbles.Bubbles in water brought to a rolling boil consist of water vapor.If you reboil water, bubbles may not form. This can lead to explosive boiling!Bubbles form in other liquids, too. The first bubbles consist of air, followed by the vapor phase of the solvent. Inside Boiling Water Bubbles When you first start to boil water, the bubbles that you see are basically air bubbles. Technically, these are bubbles formed from the dissolved gases that come out of the solution, so if the water is in a different atmosphere, the bubbles would consist of those gases. Under normal conditions, the first bubbles are mostly nitrogen with oxygen and a bit of argon and carbon dioxide. As you continue heating the water, the molecules gain enough energy to transition from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase. These bubbles are water vapor. When you see water at a rolling boil, the bubbles are entirely water vapor. Water vapor bubbles start to form on nucleation sites, which are often tiny air bubbles, so as water starts to boil, the bubbles consist of a mixture of air and water vapor. Both air bubbles and water vapor bubbles expand as they rise because there is less pressure pushing on them. You can see this effect more clearly if you blow bubbles underwater in a swimming pool. The bubbles are much larger by the time they reach the surface. The water vapor bubbles start out larger as the temperature gets higher because more liquid is being converted to gas. It almost appears as though the bubbles come from the heat source. While air bubbles rise and expand, sometimes vapor bubbles shrink and disappear as the water changes from the gas state back into liquid form. The two locations where you can see bubbles shrink is at the bottom of a pan just before the water boils and at the top surface. At the top surface, a bubble can either break and release the vapor into the air, or, if the temperature is low enough, the bubble can shrink. The temperature at the surface of boiling water may be cooler than the lower liquid because of the energy that is absorbed by water molecules when they change phases. If you allow the boiled water to cool and immediately reboil it, you wont see dissolved air bubbles form because the water hasnt had time to dissolve gas. This can present a safety risk because the air bubbles disrupt the surface of the water enough to prevent it from explosively boiling (superheating). You can observe this with microwaved water. If you boil the water long enough for the gases to escape, let the water cool, and then immediately reboil it, the surface tension of the water can prevent the liquid from boiling even though its temperature is high enough. Then, bumping the container can lead to sudden, violent boiling! One common misconception people have is believing that bubbles are made of hydrogen and oxygen. When water boils, it changes phase, but the chemical bonds between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms dont break. The only oxygen in some bubbles comes from dissolved air. There isnt any hydrogen gas. Composition of Bubbles in Other Boiling Liquids If you boil other liquids besides water, the same effect occurs. The initial bubbles will consist of any dissolved gases. As the temperature gets closer to the boiling point of the liquid, the bubbles will be the vapor phase of the substance. Boiling Without Bubbles While you can boil water without air bubbles simply by reboiling it, you cant reach the boiling point without getting vapor bubbles. This is true of other liquids, including molten metals. Scientists have discovered a method of preventing bubble formation. The method is based on the Leidenfrost effect, which can be seen by sprinkling droplets of water on a hot pan. If the surface of the  water is coated with a highly hydrophobic (water-repellent) material, a vapor cushion forms that prevents bubbling or explosive boiling. The technique doesnt have much application in the kitchen, but it can be applied to other materials, potentially reducing surface drag or control metal heating and cooling processes.

Supply Chain Risk Management Analysis Essay - 3068 Words

SUPPLY CHAIN RISK MANAGEMENT Intro: It is too difficult to give one and distinctive definition of Supply Chain Risk management (SCRM). Indeed, Sodhi, Son, and Tang (2012) begins their findings with the similar fact that ‘there is no clear consensus on the definition of SCRM (because some restrict the scope of SCRM to rare but large impact events while other authors believe that SCRM is about demand-supply uncertainties. 1/3rd of their analysis did not just show that respondents took a probabilistic approach and define SCRM as dealing with probabilities related to supply demand matching but also the same number took an operations view in suggesting that SCRM deals exclusively with risks originating from SC performance. This paper categorizes definitions, risks related to SCRM and some tools on different basis. Definitions of supply chain management risk by some well-known authors Different authors in their article have used different definitions of risk and supply chain risk management. Some authors has done it by categorizing risk or supply chain risks in various parts and some have done it without categorizing â€Å"Risk definition can either be objective or subjective. Risk which relies on probability alone, such as coin flipping or dice throwing, is considered to be objective. However, when the consequences of risk need to be assessed along with its expectation of occurrence, it is categorized as subjective risk.† In this definition author categorized risk as objectiveShow MoreRelatedSupply Chain Risk Management Analysis1521 Words   |  7 Pages Uta Jà ¼ttner, (2005),Supply chain risk management, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 16 Iss 1 pp. 120 - 141. Supply chain risk management is an intersection of supply chain management and risk management. 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Esports free essay sample

Mrs. Mulligan English 10 Honors 20 March 2013 Competitive Gaming Competitive gaming, also known as e-sports, is becoming a worldwide phenomenon. With huge events and tournaments that are watched by millions of passionate fans, many people are beginning to question whether playing video games can be considered a real sport. Even though e-sports may not be as physically demanding as traditional sports like football and basketball, the structure, strong fan base and the requirements to seriously contend in the competitive gaming scene legitimize it as a â€Å"real† sport. It is important to gain an understanding of the complete picture of e-sports before classifying it as a real sport. Competitive gaming’s origins can be traced all the way back to the â€Å"golden age of gaming† in the 1980s, where players battled for the highest scores in games like â€Å"Pac-man† and â€Å"Donkey Kong† in local arcades around the world (â€Å"History of Competitive Gaming†). This is the earliest piece of evidence that displays how video games produced an environment where competitiveness and recreation went hand-in-hand. We will write a custom essay sample on Esports or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In more recent years the popularity of video games has rapidly increased. For instance, a study in 2008 revealed that nearly 60 percent of the United States population played video games online; a statistic that continues to grow as technology and gaming become more and more accepted by society (Antonucci). With video games being played on a much larger scale due to bolstered availability, the competitive atmosphere that originated in the 80s evolved into what today is called e-sports. In modern times it has often been debated whether gaming is just another hobby, or if it can be considered as a viable sport and career path. E-sports have a massive and passionate fan base that spans the entire globe. For example, the Street Fighter and Counter Strike series are played by a plethora of people in â€Å"Japan, America, and Europe† (Totilo). League of Legends, which is a multiplayer online battle arena [MOBA] title made by Riot Games, is working to put e-Sports on the same level as traditional sports. Last October, Riot held the League of Legends Season 2 World Championships, a tournament that brought the world’s best teams together for a week of intense matches.$1 million went to the overall champion, while a total of $5 million was spread out over the course of Season 2. Apart from the unprecedented cash prizes, the League of Legends tournament was able to bring in over 8 million â€Å"unique viewers† online, viewership that is greater than the National Hockey League’s (Heaven and Robinson). In South Korea individual e-sports events for the popular real-time strategy game StarCr aft 2 bring in over 100,000 live attendants to go alongside huge numbers of online spectators (Robinson). On top of this, competitive gaming’s popularity is continuing to grow through 2013. David Ting, founder of Imagine Game Network’s professional gaming league, states that online traffic for the company’s tournaments is â€Å"doubling every six months†(qtd. in Heaven). Who would’ve thought that playing video games would turn into such a loved spectator sport? Apart from the large following of people, the competitive gaming scene shares many of the same structural characteristics as traditional sports like football and baseball, as is shown by the game League of Legends. Like conventional games, League of Legends features a regular season where prominent and upcoming teams verse each other to climb the standings in their divisions. When the regular season ends, the top teams from each division go into intense playoff series. The winners from the playoffs then compete in the World Championship tournaments mentioned earlier, in order to crown the world’s best team. League of Legends also includes an All-Star game where elite players from any team and region come together to put on a spectacular show for the fans. Just as the NFL provides fans with high quality productions like Monday Night Football, Riot Games has invested a large amount of money into hiring crews and broadcasters that can bring that type of experience to e-sports (Robinson). Through sponsorship deals and season winnings, pro gamers usually make upwards of $100,000 per year, constituting gaming as a worthy occupation (Heaven). Other games also have this type of structure, but League of Legends is the first to put itself on a widespread global scale. With this type of structure, the only real question for this debate is if competitive gaming requires enough physical activity to be considered a sport. Many people that are against the idea of competitive gaming as a sport argue that it doesn’t require enough physical activity. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines physical as â€Å"relating to the body† (â€Å"Physical†). Since competitive gaming requires a person to have amazing hand-eye coordination and great dexterity with a keyboard or controller, there is surely a physical component when it comes to gaming (Totilo). In between the major competitions, pro gaming teams are locked in intense practice sessions, play scrimmages against other teams, and watch plenty of film to develop new strategies for the battlefield (Robinson). Professional gamers have to be physically and mentally capable to perform under the stressful conditions of the major events. In classifying competitive gaming as a sport, one can also look at other activities that are already considered a â€Å"real† sport by the International Olympic Committee [IOC]. For instance, the IOC decided that Chess met its prerequisites, and was officially recognized as a sport in the 1990s (Totilo). Chess, which is only a mind game, goes to show how the more complex e-sports scene should be a sport. With a great structure, large fan base, and high skill requirements, competitive gaming is a sport in every way. The only thing holding the e-sports scene back is society’s outdated mindset of what constitutes a sport. Because people have become accustomed to the idea that a sport has to have a ball and the players have to be athletic, they have failed to appreciate the physical, mental and â€Å"technical excellence† displayed by pro gamers (Totilo). Big corporations like ESPN and the IOC have to wake up and start promoting competitive gaming as a real sport. Someday, pro gamers around the world will be held in the same respect as a LeBron James or Aaron Rodgers. Works Cited Antonucci, Mike.