Taking a Look at Government Models - 697 Words

The rational actor model †¢ According to the rational model the government represents the first and most important stage of analysis. The state is a rational actor whose choice is based on the maximization of profit versus the minimization of costs. †¢ Specifically, during the Cuban Missile Crisis the Soviet Union swiftly took the situational upper hand by positioning their Nuclear missles in Cuba towards the U.S. Their actions were also backed up U.S. failure in the secret invasion of Cuba. On the other side, Kennedy’s counter attack strategy was defined through the rational analysis of the available options; ranging from invasion to no counter attack at all. †¢ Kennedy decided to rely on the strategic blockade/quarantine of Cuba as it avoided escalation into war and wait for the Soviet Response. Ultimately, the Soviets realized their strategic position under the pressure of nuclear weapons and within the risk of mutual destruction. It was the rational choice to avoid resorting to nuclear weapons, and dissolve the conflict by removing the weapons. The organizational process model One of the loopholes of the rational model was that the Soviets did not manage to hide their missiles, and only did so after being identified by U.S forces. †¢ According to organizational process model, a conflict is broken down into several institutional procedures and responsibilities, making it difficult to fully depict the situation. †¢ In times of crisis, there is not much timeShow MoreRelatedCloud Computing Service Models Within Public Sector1571 Words   |  7 PagesResearch proposal Mr. Kashyap Udani Analysis of cloud computing service models within public sector (An insight into a complete Assessment of Cloud Deployments within Government Organizations) Introduction An IT computing industry is experience a change in how computing is deployed across the globe. There is a need to evaluate IT resource model and ways to how to make it more productive through a technology called cloud computing. In recent times, Cloud computing is becoming a favourable approachRead MoreThe Representation Of The Government Politics Model Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pages Though several models provide a way to analyze America’s decision to invade Iraq and overthrow Saddam Hussein in 2003, only one model sufficiently explains the decision. The Rational Actor Model only evaluates the nation’s actions as one entity and does not look at any of the organizational or individual behaviors that contributed to the decision. On the other hand, the Organizational Behavior Model explores the processes that supported the war’s justification and developed the military’sRead MoreInstitutional Model Of An Organization Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pages1. Institutional Model According to Hanh, this is the traditional, classical approach. On a state level, the focus is on the structures, organization, duties and functions of governmental institutions. Policies are sometimes described, but never evaluated (unknown). This model is applied through the use of organization charts and is most times uninteresting to audiences. Organization charts have the advantage of addressing basic questions that anyone who wishes to be politically influential needsRead MoreThe Importance of Inventory Control1587 Words   |  7 Pagesas much as 50% of a company’s total invested capital (Render, Stair amp; Hanna, 2012). This paper will take a look at the importance of inventory control and some inventory control models and the importance they play in the success and or failure of a company. Inventory is important in the day to day operations of every major business and many non business organizations like government. Nearly all organizations have some type of control system or inventory planning method. You may ask why is inventoryRead MoreHow Do Government Deficits And Debt Affect U.s. Economic Welfare?1023 Words   |  5 PagesAnnotated Bibliography The research question evaluated in this annotated bibliography is â€Å"How do government deficits and debt affect U.S. economic welfare?† The research question addressed by this article is how do deficit and debt effect interest rates? The article begins by showing the complexity of measuring these elements do to the business cycle and its effects on the variables. The author proposes the best way to measure deficit and debts effect on interest rates is to take future valuesRead MoreAir Quality Problems1084 Words   |  5 Pagesimproving air quality. Out of this,  £255 millions are planned to be spent on dealing with pollution from diesel vehicles. India - Every car sold by 2030 will be an electric car in India. This announcement has been done by countrys energy minister. Government has also clarified that the focus will be on 100% electric cars and not on hybrid vehicles. This seems to be pretty tough to achieve considering the size of Indian auto market. Other major obstacle is the shortage of power which country is facingRead MorePorters Diamond1657 Words   |  7 Pagesboth domestic and overseas markets (Besanko et al. 2007). Internalisation business theory however has a variety of models that can identify the environmental analysis of specific countries. These models are used for companies to internationalise and find the right location(s) overseas by taking; institutional, cultural fit and success opportunities into consideration. These models also give in-depth information on locations that the companies have chosen. A very well-known framework is the Porter’sRead MoreThe Role Of Classical Rational Models Of Decision Making775 Words   |  4 Pagescan possibly let us understand how an individual comes to difficult decisions. The use of classical rational models of decision making as well as the cost benefit analysis can help determine such settlements. The documentary How to Die in Oregon is centered around people making difficult decisions. These decisions are ones that many people do not understand. On one side, the family may look at the decision of the terminally ill individual as selfish. In the video, there were families that came toRead MoreE Commerce : A Type Of Business1328 Words   |  6 Pagesshopping websites come under this category where customers go through the products available on the website, make a transaction and get their product shipped. (iii) Business to Government (B2G): This is between the Business and Government. For example, firms could develop applications that can be used exclusively by government agencies. (iv) Consumer to Consumer (C2C): Customers directly deal with fellow customers. Best example would be, people putting up used products online for others to by, it isRead MoreDeveloping A Human Resource Strategy For Effective Job Performance829 Words   |  4 Pagesspecific approach will vary from organization to organization. Even so, the literature reviewed so far and a consideration of the organizational culture that pertains in the National Commission for Civic Education makes the model presented below an excellent approach. This conceptual model identifies six specific steps in developing an effective human resource strategy: a) Setting the strategic direction b) Designing the human resource management system c) Planning the total workforce d) Generating the

Child Witnesses Realism, By Carl Allwood, Par Granhag...

In the study â€Å"Child Witnesses’ Metamemory Realism† by, Carl Allwood, Pà ¤r Granhag and Anna-Carin Jonsson, the researchers all set out to examine the confidence of 11 to 12-year-olds when they had to answer questions after watching a brief kidnapping video. Children are often used as witnesses during a legal investigation and during the trial. Children are regularly asked how confident they are in their memories, and the jurors rely massively on the child’s certainty of their testimony. â€Å"Eyewitnesses are often mistaken, and previous research has concluded that a mistaken eyewitness’ testimony is the single largest cause of jury convictions of innocent people† (Allwood et al., 2006, p. 1). Allwood et al. hypothesized that children would be overconfident in their actions and have a much higher amount of confidence than adults. There were 81 children (41 girls and 40 boys), who were between the ages 11-12. The participant pool came from four schools, who were located in a middle-class area in Sweden. The children were randomly put into four different conditions, which were judgement scales. There was â€Å"the numeric scale (n = 20), the picture scale (n = 22), the line scale (n = 20) and the written scale (n = 19)† (Allwood et al., 2006, p. 4). The children exhibited overconfidence in all four of the conditions. When the children’s results were compared to the results of adults, overconfidence by children was also shown to be significantly higher than that of adults (d =

A Game of Thrones Chapter Seventeen Free Essays

Bran It seemed as though he had been falling for years. Fly, a voice whispered in the darkness, but Bran did not know how to fly, so all he could do was fall. Maester Luwin made a little boy of clay, baked him till he was hard and brittle, dressed him in Bran’s clothes, and flung him off a roof. We will write a custom essay sample on A Game of Thrones Chapter Seventeen or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bran remembered the way he shattered. â€Å"But I never fall,† he said, falling. The ground was so far below him he could barely make it out through the grey mists that whirled around him, but he could feel how fast he was falling, and he knew what was waiting for him down there. Even in dreams, you could not fall forever. He would wake up in the instant before he hit the ground, he knew. You always woke up in the instant before you hit the ground. And if you don’t? the voice asked. The ground was closer now, still far far away, a thousand miles away, but closer than it had been. It was cold here in the darkness. There was no sun, no stars, only the ground below coming up to smash him, and the grey mists, and the whispering voice. He wanted to cry. Not cry. Fly. â€Å"I can’t fly,† Bran said. â€Å"I can’t, I can’t . . . â€Å" How do you know? Have you ever tried? The voice was high and thin. Bran looked around to see where it was coming from. A crow was spiraling down with him, just out of reach, following him as he fell. â€Å"Help me,† he said. I’m trying, the crow replied. Say, got any corn? Bran reached into his pocket as the darkness spun dizzily around him. When he pulled his hand out, golden kernels slid from between his fingers into the air. They fell with him. The crow landed on his hand and began to eat. â€Å"Are you really a crow?† Bran asked. Are you really falling? the crow asked back. â€Å"It’s just a dream,† Bran said. Is it? asked the crow. â€Å"I’ll wake up when I hit the ground,† Bran told the bird. You’ll die when you hit the ground, the crow said. It went back to eating corn. Bran looked down. He could see mountains now, their peaks white with snow, and the silver thread of rivers in dark woods. He closed his eyes and began to cry. That won’t do any good, the crow said. I told you, the answer is flying, not crying. How hard can it be? I’m doing it. The crow took to the air and flapped around Bran’s hand. â€Å"You have wings,† Bran pointed out. Maybe you do too. Bran felt along his shoulders, groping for feathers. There are different kinds of wings, the crow said. Bran was staring at his arms, his legs. He was so skinny, just skin stretched taut over bones. Had he always been so thin? He tried to remember. A face swam up at him out of the grey mist, shining with light, golden. â€Å"The things I do for love,† it said. Bran screamed. The crow took to the air, cawing. Not that, it shrieked at him. Forget that, you do not need it now, put it aside, put it away. It landed on Bran’s shoulder, and pecked at him, and the shining golden face was gone. Bran was falling faster than ever. The grey mists howled around him as he plunged toward the earth below. â€Å"What are you doing to me?† he asked the crow, tearful. Teaching you how to fly. â€Å"I can’t fly!† You’re flying tight now. â€Å"I’m falling!† Every flight begins with a fall, the crow said. Look down. â€Å"I’m afraid . . . â€Å" LOOK DOWN! Bran looked down, and felt his insides turn to water. The ground was rushing up at him now. The whole world was spread out below him, a tapestry of white and brown and green. He could see everything so clearly that for a moment he forgot to be afraid. He could see the whole realm, and everyone in it. He saw Winterfell as the eagles see it, the tall towers looking squat and stubby from above, the castle walls just lines in the dirt. He saw Maester Luwin on his balcony, studying the sky through a polished bronze tube and frowning as he made notes in a book. He saw his brother Robb, taller and stronger than he remembered him, practicing swordplay in the yard with real steel in his hand. He saw Hodor, the simple giant from the stables, carrying an anvil to Mikken’s forge, hefting it onto his shoulder as easily as another man might heft a bale of hay. At the heart of the godswood, the great white weirwood brooded over its reflection in the black pool, its leaves rustling in a chill wind. When it felt Bran watching, it lifted its eyes from the still waters and stared back at him knowingly. He looked east, and saw a galley racing across the waters of the Bite. He saw his mother sitting alone in a cabin, looking at a bloodstained knife on a table in front of her, as the rowers pulled at their oars and Ser Rodrik leaned across a rail, shaking and heaving. A storm was gathering ahead of them, a vast dark roaring lashed by lightning, but somehow they could not see it. He looked south, and saw the great blue-green rush of the Trident. He saw his father pleading with the king, his face etched with grief. He saw Sansa crying herself to sleep at night, and he saw Arya watching in silence and holding her secrets hard in her heart. There were shadows all around them. One shadow was dark as ash, with the terrible face of a hound. Another was armored like the sun, golden and beautiful. Over them both loomed a giant in armor made of stone, but when he opened his visor, there was nothing inside but darkness and thick black blood. He lifted his eyes and saw clear across the narrow sea, to the Free Cities and the green Dothraki sea and beyond, to Vaes Dothrak under its mountain, to the fabled lands of the JadeSea, to Asshai by the Shadow, where dragons stirred beneath the sunrise. Finally he looked north. He saw the Wall shining like blue crystal, and his bastard brother Jon sleeping alone in a cold bed, his skin growing pale and hard as the memory of all warmth fled from him. And he looked past the Wall, past endless forests cloaked in snow, past the frozen shore and the great blue-white rivers of ice and the dead plains where nothing grew or lived. North and north and north he looked, to the curtain of light at the end of the world, and then beyond that curtain. He looked deep into the heart of winter, and then he cried out, afraid, and the heat of his tears burned on his cheeks. Now you know, the crow whispered as it sat on his shoulder. Now you know why you must live. â€Å"Why?† Bran said, not understanding, falling, falling. Because winter is coming. Bran looked at the crow on his shoulder, and the crow looked back. It had three eyes, and the third eye was full of a terrible knowledge. Bran looked down. There was nothing below him now but snow and cold and death, a frozen wasteland where jagged blue-white spires of ice waited to embrace him. They flew up at him like spears. He saw the bones of a thousand other dreamers impaled upon their points. He was desperately afraid. â€Å"Can a man still be brave if he’s afraid?† he heard his own voice saying, small and far away. And his father’s voice replied to him. â€Å"That is the only time a man can be brave.† Now, Bran, the crow urged. Choose. Fly or die. Death reached for him, screaming. Bran spread his arms and flew. Wings unseen drank the wind and filled and pulled him upward. The terrible needles of ice receded below him. The sky opened up above. Bran soared. It was better than climbing. It was better than anything. The world grew small beneath him. â€Å"I’m flying!† he cried out in delight. I’ve noticed, said the three-eyed crow. It took to the air, flapping its wings in his face, slowing him, blinding him. He faltered in the air as its pinions beat against his cheeks. Its beak stabbed at him fiercely, and Bran felt a sudden blinding pain in the middle of his forehead, between his eyes. â€Å"What are you doing?† he shrieked. The crow opened its beak and cawed at him, a shrill scream of fear, and the grey mists shuddered and swirled around him and ripped away like a veil, and he saw that the crow was really a woman, a serving woman with long black hair, and he knew her from somewhere, from Winterfell, yes, that was it, he remembered her now, and then he realized that he was in Winterfell, in a bed high in some chilly tower room, and the black-haired woman dropped a basin of water to shatter on the floor and ran down the steps, shouting, â€Å"He’s awake, he’s awake, he’s awake.† Bran touched his forehead, between his eyes. The place where the crow had pecked him was still burning, but there was nothing there, no blood, no wound. He felt weak and dizzy. He tried to get out of bed, but nothing happened. And then there was movement beside the bed, and something landed lightly on his legs. He felt nothing. A pair of yellow eyes looked into his own, shining like the sun. The window was open and it was cold in the room, but the warmth that came off the wolf enfolded him like a hot bath. His pup, Bran realized . . . or was it? He was so big now. He reached out to pet him, his hand trembling like a leaf. When his brother Robb burst into the room, breathless from his dash up the tower steps, the direwolf was licking Bran’s face. Bran looked up calmly. â€Å"His name is Summer,† he said. How to cite A Game of Thrones Chapter Seventeen, Essay examples

How Did the Roman Empire Maintain Its Power free essay sample

Julius Caesar’s ascension to power marked the time from where the Romans steadily expanded their territory and by the time the Roman Republic dissolved and the Roman Empire emerged, the Empire had become so big that the Romans had then to face the problem of maintaining their empire. The Roman Empire maintained its power by romanizing everyone and everything they conquered, through good governance, client kings and their skilled military. The first thing the Romans did after conquering a land was romanizing everyone and everything in it. The Romans defined themselves, their political and cultural concepts and everything they did by the term â€Å"Romanitas† which means Roman-ness. Instead of enslaving all the people from the conquered lands, the Roman Empire gave them the chance to become Roman citizens. The newly Romanized citizens would have all the rights and privileges offered to all the other citizens who were Romans by birth. This law was passed under the Edict of Caracalla (212 A. D). The Romans were all educated. Girls were taught household skills like cooking, sewing, etc while the boys were sent to â€Å"school† to be taught subjects like literature. For example, the Patrician boys were taught poetry, literature, history, geography, mythology, Greek, public speaking and law. The Romans imposed their language and currency in every place they conquered. The Romans believed that one of the keys to successfully maintaining an empire was by having one language and one currency throughout the empire. The Roman language was Latin and their currency consisted of gold, silver, brass and copper coins. Unlike the other empires that forced their religion on the people of the conquered lands, the Roman Empire adapted and adopted religious beliefs. The naturalized Romans could follow their religion but they also had to respect the polytheistic religion of the empire. This worked quite well until 3 A. D when Christianity became the main religion of the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire also made sure that its citizens were happy and comfortable by building roads, bath-houses, temples, theatres. For example, the Baths of Caracalla built by the emperor Caracalla were the second largest public baths in Rome; Emperor Hadrian constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma, etc. The Roman Empire improved their relationship with their surrounding states by building roads. Better roads lead to better communication and transportation which will facilitate trade which in turn brings wealth and power to the Empire and this means the standard of living will be high for the Roman citizens. The Roman emperors were not a band of crazed, power-hungry rulers. They co-operated with the local rulers and even granted them a limited amount of power. This cooperation was maintained through the appointment of client kings in conquered lands that were a bit far away from Rome. The client kings were non-Roman rulers of specific lands who enjoyed Roman patronage. The client kings were granted local autonomy. These kings could control their own economies (the coins they minted bore their image along with the emperor’s); they had the right to raise and retain an army, and pursue independent foreign policies that did not interfere with the Roman Empire’s interests. The client kings also had to make sure that the taxes reached Rome smoothly and that the Roman citizens they were looking after were happy (basically, make sure they did not revolt). Despite all this, the client kings were not treated as equals to the emperor. The client kings could not be assured of permanent power. The rapidly expanding Roman Empire would mean that the small semi-autonomous states would soon be non-existent as Romans would not have to worry about revolts if everything was under their control. If the Roman Empire decided to conquer the client kingdoms completely, the latter would not stand a chance. An example of a client king was Herod the great of Judea. Herod is well known for being a murderous madman who had â€Å"colossal building projects† in Jerusalem. Through client kings, the Roman Empire created a balance in which they maintained their multilateral relationships with the client kingdoms but they also made sure that their authority was felt by the client kings by granting them limited and fickle power. The powerful and well known Roman army was another key factor in maintaining the empire. The Roman army was large, well equipped, well trained, disciplined and skilled military force that was stationed throughout the empire to prevent uprisings and crush rebellion. Military training was a very important and arduous affair in the Roman Empire. It was essential for each soldier to achieve a high level of skill in fighting and using their weapons. They also had to march 30 kilometers 3 times a month wearing 20kg armor, do drills twice a day, learn to build camps, swim, mount and ride a horse and fight mock battles. The Roman army was quite ruthless when it came to crushing rebellion. They did not hesitate to hurt or even slaughter the people who went against the Roman rule. They also enslaved the rebels and confiscated their property. The indifferent cruelty shown by the Roman army did not leave much room for rebellion and even if there were revolts, the expert Roman army would not really face any big problems in pulverizing the enemy. One famous rebellion against the Roman rule was led by Queen Boudicca of Great Britain. Boudicca was the queen of the Iceni tribe and she posed as a threat to the Roman rulers of Britain in 60 A. D when she rebelled against the Romans because the Romans looted the territories left by Boudicca’s late husband to their daughters. Boudicca also claimed that the Romans had flogged her and raped her daughters. When Boudicca’s army first started attacking the Romans, they were able to defeat the Roman army even though they were disorganized because the Romans were concentrating their efforts somewhere else. The Boudiccan army went around massacring entire villages and Roman soldiers until the Roman historian Suetonius returned with his previously defeated 9th Legion. This time, Boudicca’s army was facing the â€Å"classic† tactful and disciplined Roman army so they were easily defeated. The number of both Roman and British deaths is disputable but according to Tacitus, a Roman writer, 80 000 Britons died and 400 Romans lost their lives. This was a major victory for the Romans. For any empire to maintain its power, it needs good and effective governance. The Romans had strong leaders such as Augustus, Constantine the Great, Caracalla, Hadrian, etc. It was Roman policy to respect the Roman laws in order to maintain social stability. Examples of Roman laws were the â€Å"Lex Papia Poppaea† introduced in 9 A. D to encourage and strengthen marriage and the â€Å"Lex Iulia de Adulteriis Coercendis† introduced in 18 B. C that stated that any â€Å"conjugal unfaithfulness† to the public or any private offense could be punishable by banishment or even death. The Roman emperors’ power was also transmitted through arts and literature and the Empire convinced people of the divinity of the emperor. The emperors’ presence was felt everywhere; they were represented as the â€Å"agents of God on earth, charged with crushing paganism and heresy† (imperial cult). The Romans told the Roman citizens very descriptive and explicit stories of battles fought by the Roman army and Rome was represented as a peaceful and law- abiding city while the â€Å"enemy cities† were seen as â€Å"barbaric, lawless and dangerous†. Fear of the Roman Empire was instilled in the conquered lands through stories of battles and the cruel treatment of Christians in the amphitheaters. The Christians in the Roman Empire refused to follow the polytheistic religion of the empire along with Christianity so they were killed in the most brutal ways. In the amphitheaters, the Romans watched the Gladiators (men trained to fight with weapons against other men or wild animals in an arena) stand in triumph or die in a flash and the Christians were torn on racks, fried in iron chairs, tossed by bulls and torn limb from limb by hungry lions. The Roman Empire successfully managed to maintain their power by giving all the inhabitants of the conquered areas a sense of belonging by giving them the chance to become Roman citizens and providing them with facilities and services like roads and education, better trade opportunities, etc. The Roman Empire also took up the system of client kings to ensure smooth running of the empire. But they also made sure no conflict would break out through a good but â€Å"controlling† governance and their military prowess. The Roman Empire truly demonstrated its maintenance and leadership qualities through a combination of tact and authority and it is quite remarkable how they were able to maintain such a large empire for as long as they did.