Taking a Look at Government Models - 697 Words

The rational actor model †¢ According to the rational model the government represents the first and most important stage of analysis. The state is a rational actor whose choice is based on the maximization of profit versus the minimization of costs. †¢ Specifically, during the Cuban Missile Crisis the Soviet Union swiftly took the situational upper hand by positioning their Nuclear missles in Cuba towards the U.S. Their actions were also backed up U.S. failure in the secret invasion of Cuba. On the other side, Kennedy’s counter attack strategy was defined through the rational analysis of the available options; ranging from invasion to no counter attack at all. †¢ Kennedy decided to rely on the strategic blockade/quarantine of Cuba as it avoided escalation into war and wait for the Soviet Response. Ultimately, the Soviets realized their strategic position under the pressure of nuclear weapons and within the risk of mutual destruction. It was the rational choice to avoid resorting to nuclear weapons, and dissolve the conflict by removing the weapons. The organizational process model One of the loopholes of the rational model was that the Soviets did not manage to hide their missiles, and only did so after being identified by U.S forces. †¢ According to organizational process model, a conflict is broken down into several institutional procedures and responsibilities, making it difficult to fully depict the situation. †¢ In times of crisis, there is not much timeShow MoreRelatedCloud Computing Service Models Within Public Sector1571 Words   |  7 PagesResearch proposal Mr. Kashyap Udani Analysis of cloud computing service models within public sector (An insight into a complete Assessment of Cloud Deployments within Government Organizations) Introduction An IT computing industry is experience a change in how computing is deployed across the globe. There is a need to evaluate IT resource model and ways to how to make it more productive through a technology called cloud computing. In recent times, Cloud computing is becoming a favourable approachRead MoreThe Representation Of The Government Politics Model Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pages Though several models provide a way to analyze America’s decision to invade Iraq and overthrow Saddam Hussein in 2003, only one model sufficiently explains the decision. The Rational Actor Model only evaluates the nation’s actions as one entity and does not look at any of the organizational or individual behaviors that contributed to the decision. On the other hand, the Organizational Behavior Model explores the processes that supported the war’s justification and developed the military’sRead MoreInstitutional Model Of An Organization Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pages1. Institutional Model According to Hanh, this is the traditional, classical approach. On a state level, the focus is on the structures, organization, duties and functions of governmental institutions. Policies are sometimes described, but never evaluated (unknown). This model is applied through the use of organization charts and is most times uninteresting to audiences. Organization charts have the advantage of addressing basic questions that anyone who wishes to be politically influential needsRead MoreThe Importance of Inventory Control1587 Words   |  7 Pagesas much as 50% of a company’s total invested capital (Render, Stair amp; Hanna, 2012). This paper will take a look at the importance of inventory control and some inventory control models and the importance they play in the success and or failure of a company. Inventory is important in the day to day operations of every major business and many non business organizations like government. Nearly all organizations have some type of control system or inventory planning method. You may ask why is inventoryRead MoreHow Do Government Deficits And Debt Affect U.s. Economic Welfare?1023 Words   |  5 PagesAnnotated Bibliography The research question evaluated in this annotated bibliography is â€Å"How do government deficits and debt affect U.S. economic welfare?† The research question addressed by this article is how do deficit and debt effect interest rates? The article begins by showing the complexity of measuring these elements do to the business cycle and its effects on the variables. The author proposes the best way to measure deficit and debts effect on interest rates is to take future valuesRead MoreAir Quality Problems1084 Words   |  5 Pagesimproving air quality. Out of this,  £255 millions are planned to be spent on dealing with pollution from diesel vehicles. India - Every car sold by 2030 will be an electric car in India. This announcement has been done by countrys energy minister. Government has also clarified that the focus will be on 100% electric cars and not on hybrid vehicles. This seems to be pretty tough to achieve considering the size of Indian auto market. Other major obstacle is the shortage of power which country is facingRead MorePorters Diamond1657 Words   |  7 Pagesboth domestic and overseas markets (Besanko et al. 2007). Internalisation business theory however has a variety of models that can identify the environmental analysis of specific countries. These models are used for companies to internationalise and find the right location(s) overseas by taking; institutional, cultural fit and success opportunities into consideration. These models also give in-depth information on locations that the companies have chosen. A very well-known framework is the Porter’sRead MoreThe Role Of Classical Rational Models Of Decision Making775 Words   |  4 Pagescan possibly let us understand how an individual comes to difficult decisions. The use of classical rational models of decision making as well as the cost benefit analysis can help determine such settlements. The documentary How to Die in Oregon is centered around people making difficult decisions. These decisions are ones that many people do not understand. On one side, the family may look at the decision of the terminally ill individual as selfish. In the video, there were families that came toRead MoreE Commerce : A Type Of Business1328 Words   |  6 Pagesshopping websites come under this category where customers go through the products available on the website, make a transaction and get their product shipped. (iii) Business to Government (B2G): This is between the Business and Government. For example, firms could develop applications that can be used exclusively by government agencies. (iv) Consumer to Consumer (C2C): Customers directly deal with fellow customers. Best example would be, people putting up used products online for others to by, it isRead MoreDeveloping A Human Resource Strategy For Effective Job Performance829 Words   |  4 Pagesspecific approach will vary from organization to organization. Even so, the literature reviewed so far and a consideration of the organizational culture that pertains in the National Commission for Civic Education makes the model presented below an excellent approach. This conceptual model identifies six specific steps in developing an effective human resource strategy: a) Setting the strategic direction b) Designing the human resource management system c) Planning the total workforce d) Generating the

Child Witnesses Realism, By Carl Allwood, Par Granhag...

In the study â€Å"Child Witnesses’ Metamemory Realism† by, Carl Allwood, Pà ¤r Granhag and Anna-Carin Jonsson, the researchers all set out to examine the confidence of 11 to 12-year-olds when they had to answer questions after watching a brief kidnapping video. Children are often used as witnesses during a legal investigation and during the trial. Children are regularly asked how confident they are in their memories, and the jurors rely massively on the child’s certainty of their testimony. â€Å"Eyewitnesses are often mistaken, and previous research has concluded that a mistaken eyewitness’ testimony is the single largest cause of jury convictions of innocent people† (Allwood et al., 2006, p. 1). Allwood et al. hypothesized that children would be overconfident in their actions and have a much higher amount of confidence than adults. There were 81 children (41 girls and 40 boys), who were between the ages 11-12. The participant pool came from four schools, who were located in a middle-class area in Sweden. The children were randomly put into four different conditions, which were judgement scales. There was â€Å"the numeric scale (n = 20), the picture scale (n = 22), the line scale (n = 20) and the written scale (n = 19)† (Allwood et al., 2006, p. 4). The children exhibited overconfidence in all four of the conditions. When the children’s results were compared to the results of adults, overconfidence by children was also shown to be significantly higher than that of adults (d =

A Game of Thrones Chapter Seventeen Free Essays

Bran It seemed as though he had been falling for years. Fly, a voice whispered in the darkness, but Bran did not know how to fly, so all he could do was fall. Maester Luwin made a little boy of clay, baked him till he was hard and brittle, dressed him in Bran’s clothes, and flung him off a roof. We will write a custom essay sample on A Game of Thrones Chapter Seventeen or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bran remembered the way he shattered. â€Å"But I never fall,† he said, falling. The ground was so far below him he could barely make it out through the grey mists that whirled around him, but he could feel how fast he was falling, and he knew what was waiting for him down there. Even in dreams, you could not fall forever. He would wake up in the instant before he hit the ground, he knew. You always woke up in the instant before you hit the ground. And if you don’t? the voice asked. The ground was closer now, still far far away, a thousand miles away, but closer than it had been. It was cold here in the darkness. There was no sun, no stars, only the ground below coming up to smash him, and the grey mists, and the whispering voice. He wanted to cry. Not cry. Fly. â€Å"I can’t fly,† Bran said. â€Å"I can’t, I can’t . . . â€Å" How do you know? Have you ever tried? The voice was high and thin. Bran looked around to see where it was coming from. A crow was spiraling down with him, just out of reach, following him as he fell. â€Å"Help me,† he said. I’m trying, the crow replied. Say, got any corn? Bran reached into his pocket as the darkness spun dizzily around him. When he pulled his hand out, golden kernels slid from between his fingers into the air. They fell with him. The crow landed on his hand and began to eat. â€Å"Are you really a crow?† Bran asked. Are you really falling? the crow asked back. â€Å"It’s just a dream,† Bran said. Is it? asked the crow. â€Å"I’ll wake up when I hit the ground,† Bran told the bird. You’ll die when you hit the ground, the crow said. It went back to eating corn. Bran looked down. He could see mountains now, their peaks white with snow, and the silver thread of rivers in dark woods. He closed his eyes and began to cry. That won’t do any good, the crow said. I told you, the answer is flying, not crying. How hard can it be? I’m doing it. The crow took to the air and flapped around Bran’s hand. â€Å"You have wings,† Bran pointed out. Maybe you do too. Bran felt along his shoulders, groping for feathers. There are different kinds of wings, the crow said. Bran was staring at his arms, his legs. He was so skinny, just skin stretched taut over bones. Had he always been so thin? He tried to remember. A face swam up at him out of the grey mist, shining with light, golden. â€Å"The things I do for love,† it said. Bran screamed. The crow took to the air, cawing. Not that, it shrieked at him. Forget that, you do not need it now, put it aside, put it away. It landed on Bran’s shoulder, and pecked at him, and the shining golden face was gone. Bran was falling faster than ever. The grey mists howled around him as he plunged toward the earth below. â€Å"What are you doing to me?† he asked the crow, tearful. Teaching you how to fly. â€Å"I can’t fly!† You’re flying tight now. â€Å"I’m falling!† Every flight begins with a fall, the crow said. Look down. â€Å"I’m afraid . . . â€Å" LOOK DOWN! Bran looked down, and felt his insides turn to water. The ground was rushing up at him now. The whole world was spread out below him, a tapestry of white and brown and green. He could see everything so clearly that for a moment he forgot to be afraid. He could see the whole realm, and everyone in it. He saw Winterfell as the eagles see it, the tall towers looking squat and stubby from above, the castle walls just lines in the dirt. He saw Maester Luwin on his balcony, studying the sky through a polished bronze tube and frowning as he made notes in a book. He saw his brother Robb, taller and stronger than he remembered him, practicing swordplay in the yard with real steel in his hand. He saw Hodor, the simple giant from the stables, carrying an anvil to Mikken’s forge, hefting it onto his shoulder as easily as another man might heft a bale of hay. At the heart of the godswood, the great white weirwood brooded over its reflection in the black pool, its leaves rustling in a chill wind. When it felt Bran watching, it lifted its eyes from the still waters and stared back at him knowingly. He looked east, and saw a galley racing across the waters of the Bite. He saw his mother sitting alone in a cabin, looking at a bloodstained knife on a table in front of her, as the rowers pulled at their oars and Ser Rodrik leaned across a rail, shaking and heaving. A storm was gathering ahead of them, a vast dark roaring lashed by lightning, but somehow they could not see it. He looked south, and saw the great blue-green rush of the Trident. He saw his father pleading with the king, his face etched with grief. He saw Sansa crying herself to sleep at night, and he saw Arya watching in silence and holding her secrets hard in her heart. There were shadows all around them. One shadow was dark as ash, with the terrible face of a hound. Another was armored like the sun, golden and beautiful. Over them both loomed a giant in armor made of stone, but when he opened his visor, there was nothing inside but darkness and thick black blood. He lifted his eyes and saw clear across the narrow sea, to the Free Cities and the green Dothraki sea and beyond, to Vaes Dothrak under its mountain, to the fabled lands of the JadeSea, to Asshai by the Shadow, where dragons stirred beneath the sunrise. Finally he looked north. He saw the Wall shining like blue crystal, and his bastard brother Jon sleeping alone in a cold bed, his skin growing pale and hard as the memory of all warmth fled from him. And he looked past the Wall, past endless forests cloaked in snow, past the frozen shore and the great blue-white rivers of ice and the dead plains where nothing grew or lived. North and north and north he looked, to the curtain of light at the end of the world, and then beyond that curtain. He looked deep into the heart of winter, and then he cried out, afraid, and the heat of his tears burned on his cheeks. Now you know, the crow whispered as it sat on his shoulder. Now you know why you must live. â€Å"Why?† Bran said, not understanding, falling, falling. Because winter is coming. Bran looked at the crow on his shoulder, and the crow looked back. It had three eyes, and the third eye was full of a terrible knowledge. Bran looked down. There was nothing below him now but snow and cold and death, a frozen wasteland where jagged blue-white spires of ice waited to embrace him. They flew up at him like spears. He saw the bones of a thousand other dreamers impaled upon their points. He was desperately afraid. â€Å"Can a man still be brave if he’s afraid?† he heard his own voice saying, small and far away. And his father’s voice replied to him. â€Å"That is the only time a man can be brave.† Now, Bran, the crow urged. Choose. Fly or die. Death reached for him, screaming. Bran spread his arms and flew. Wings unseen drank the wind and filled and pulled him upward. The terrible needles of ice receded below him. The sky opened up above. Bran soared. It was better than climbing. It was better than anything. The world grew small beneath him. â€Å"I’m flying!† he cried out in delight. I’ve noticed, said the three-eyed crow. It took to the air, flapping its wings in his face, slowing him, blinding him. He faltered in the air as its pinions beat against his cheeks. Its beak stabbed at him fiercely, and Bran felt a sudden blinding pain in the middle of his forehead, between his eyes. â€Å"What are you doing?† he shrieked. The crow opened its beak and cawed at him, a shrill scream of fear, and the grey mists shuddered and swirled around him and ripped away like a veil, and he saw that the crow was really a woman, a serving woman with long black hair, and he knew her from somewhere, from Winterfell, yes, that was it, he remembered her now, and then he realized that he was in Winterfell, in a bed high in some chilly tower room, and the black-haired woman dropped a basin of water to shatter on the floor and ran down the steps, shouting, â€Å"He’s awake, he’s awake, he’s awake.† Bran touched his forehead, between his eyes. The place where the crow had pecked him was still burning, but there was nothing there, no blood, no wound. He felt weak and dizzy. He tried to get out of bed, but nothing happened. And then there was movement beside the bed, and something landed lightly on his legs. He felt nothing. A pair of yellow eyes looked into his own, shining like the sun. The window was open and it was cold in the room, but the warmth that came off the wolf enfolded him like a hot bath. His pup, Bran realized . . . or was it? He was so big now. He reached out to pet him, his hand trembling like a leaf. When his brother Robb burst into the room, breathless from his dash up the tower steps, the direwolf was licking Bran’s face. Bran looked up calmly. â€Å"His name is Summer,† he said. How to cite A Game of Thrones Chapter Seventeen, Essay examples

How Did the Roman Empire Maintain Its Power free essay sample

Julius Caesar’s ascension to power marked the time from where the Romans steadily expanded their territory and by the time the Roman Republic dissolved and the Roman Empire emerged, the Empire had become so big that the Romans had then to face the problem of maintaining their empire. The Roman Empire maintained its power by romanizing everyone and everything they conquered, through good governance, client kings and their skilled military. The first thing the Romans did after conquering a land was romanizing everyone and everything in it. The Romans defined themselves, their political and cultural concepts and everything they did by the term â€Å"Romanitas† which means Roman-ness. Instead of enslaving all the people from the conquered lands, the Roman Empire gave them the chance to become Roman citizens. The newly Romanized citizens would have all the rights and privileges offered to all the other citizens who were Romans by birth. This law was passed under the Edict of Caracalla (212 A. D). The Romans were all educated. Girls were taught household skills like cooking, sewing, etc while the boys were sent to â€Å"school† to be taught subjects like literature. For example, the Patrician boys were taught poetry, literature, history, geography, mythology, Greek, public speaking and law. The Romans imposed their language and currency in every place they conquered. The Romans believed that one of the keys to successfully maintaining an empire was by having one language and one currency throughout the empire. The Roman language was Latin and their currency consisted of gold, silver, brass and copper coins. Unlike the other empires that forced their religion on the people of the conquered lands, the Roman Empire adapted and adopted religious beliefs. The naturalized Romans could follow their religion but they also had to respect the polytheistic religion of the empire. This worked quite well until 3 A. D when Christianity became the main religion of the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire also made sure that its citizens were happy and comfortable by building roads, bath-houses, temples, theatres. For example, the Baths of Caracalla built by the emperor Caracalla were the second largest public baths in Rome; Emperor Hadrian constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma, etc. The Roman Empire improved their relationship with their surrounding states by building roads. Better roads lead to better communication and transportation which will facilitate trade which in turn brings wealth and power to the Empire and this means the standard of living will be high for the Roman citizens. The Roman emperors were not a band of crazed, power-hungry rulers. They co-operated with the local rulers and even granted them a limited amount of power. This cooperation was maintained through the appointment of client kings in conquered lands that were a bit far away from Rome. The client kings were non-Roman rulers of specific lands who enjoyed Roman patronage. The client kings were granted local autonomy. These kings could control their own economies (the coins they minted bore their image along with the emperor’s); they had the right to raise and retain an army, and pursue independent foreign policies that did not interfere with the Roman Empire’s interests. The client kings also had to make sure that the taxes reached Rome smoothly and that the Roman citizens they were looking after were happy (basically, make sure they did not revolt). Despite all this, the client kings were not treated as equals to the emperor. The client kings could not be assured of permanent power. The rapidly expanding Roman Empire would mean that the small semi-autonomous states would soon be non-existent as Romans would not have to worry about revolts if everything was under their control. If the Roman Empire decided to conquer the client kingdoms completely, the latter would not stand a chance. An example of a client king was Herod the great of Judea. Herod is well known for being a murderous madman who had â€Å"colossal building projects† in Jerusalem. Through client kings, the Roman Empire created a balance in which they maintained their multilateral relationships with the client kingdoms but they also made sure that their authority was felt by the client kings by granting them limited and fickle power. The powerful and well known Roman army was another key factor in maintaining the empire. The Roman army was large, well equipped, well trained, disciplined and skilled military force that was stationed throughout the empire to prevent uprisings and crush rebellion. Military training was a very important and arduous affair in the Roman Empire. It was essential for each soldier to achieve a high level of skill in fighting and using their weapons. They also had to march 30 kilometers 3 times a month wearing 20kg armor, do drills twice a day, learn to build camps, swim, mount and ride a horse and fight mock battles. The Roman army was quite ruthless when it came to crushing rebellion. They did not hesitate to hurt or even slaughter the people who went against the Roman rule. They also enslaved the rebels and confiscated their property. The indifferent cruelty shown by the Roman army did not leave much room for rebellion and even if there were revolts, the expert Roman army would not really face any big problems in pulverizing the enemy. One famous rebellion against the Roman rule was led by Queen Boudicca of Great Britain. Boudicca was the queen of the Iceni tribe and she posed as a threat to the Roman rulers of Britain in 60 A. D when she rebelled against the Romans because the Romans looted the territories left by Boudicca’s late husband to their daughters. Boudicca also claimed that the Romans had flogged her and raped her daughters. When Boudicca’s army first started attacking the Romans, they were able to defeat the Roman army even though they were disorganized because the Romans were concentrating their efforts somewhere else. The Boudiccan army went around massacring entire villages and Roman soldiers until the Roman historian Suetonius returned with his previously defeated 9th Legion. This time, Boudicca’s army was facing the â€Å"classic† tactful and disciplined Roman army so they were easily defeated. The number of both Roman and British deaths is disputable but according to Tacitus, a Roman writer, 80 000 Britons died and 400 Romans lost their lives. This was a major victory for the Romans. For any empire to maintain its power, it needs good and effective governance. The Romans had strong leaders such as Augustus, Constantine the Great, Caracalla, Hadrian, etc. It was Roman policy to respect the Roman laws in order to maintain social stability. Examples of Roman laws were the â€Å"Lex Papia Poppaea† introduced in 9 A. D to encourage and strengthen marriage and the â€Å"Lex Iulia de Adulteriis Coercendis† introduced in 18 B. C that stated that any â€Å"conjugal unfaithfulness† to the public or any private offense could be punishable by banishment or even death. The Roman emperors’ power was also transmitted through arts and literature and the Empire convinced people of the divinity of the emperor. The emperors’ presence was felt everywhere; they were represented as the â€Å"agents of God on earth, charged with crushing paganism and heresy† (imperial cult). The Romans told the Roman citizens very descriptive and explicit stories of battles fought by the Roman army and Rome was represented as a peaceful and law- abiding city while the â€Å"enemy cities† were seen as â€Å"barbaric, lawless and dangerous†. Fear of the Roman Empire was instilled in the conquered lands through stories of battles and the cruel treatment of Christians in the amphitheaters. The Christians in the Roman Empire refused to follow the polytheistic religion of the empire along with Christianity so they were killed in the most brutal ways. In the amphitheaters, the Romans watched the Gladiators (men trained to fight with weapons against other men or wild animals in an arena) stand in triumph or die in a flash and the Christians were torn on racks, fried in iron chairs, tossed by bulls and torn limb from limb by hungry lions. The Roman Empire successfully managed to maintain their power by giving all the inhabitants of the conquered areas a sense of belonging by giving them the chance to become Roman citizens and providing them with facilities and services like roads and education, better trade opportunities, etc. The Roman Empire also took up the system of client kings to ensure smooth running of the empire. But they also made sure no conflict would break out through a good but â€Å"controlling† governance and their military prowess. The Roman Empire truly demonstrated its maintenance and leadership qualities through a combination of tact and authority and it is quite remarkable how they were able to maintain such a large empire for as long as they did.

Everyday Essays - Quilting, Quilt, Everyday Use, Radka Donnell

Everyday Use By Alice Walker With her story, "Everyday Use," Alice Walker is saying that art should be a living, breathing part of the culture it arose from, rather than something from which to be observed from a distance. To make this point, she uses the quilts in her story to symbolize art; and what happens to these quilts represents her theory of art. The quilts themselves, as art, are inseparable from the culture they arose from.. The history of these quilts is a history of the family. The narrator says, "In both of them were scraps of dresses Grandma Dee had worn fifty and more years ago. Bits and pieces of Grandpa Jarrell's Paisley shirts. And one teeny faded blue piece . . . that was from Great Grandpa Ezra's uniform that he wore in the Civil War." So these quilts, which have become an heirloom, not only represent the family, but are an integral part of the family. Walker is saying that true art not only represents its culture, but is an inseparable part of that culture. The manner in which the quilts are treated shows Walker's view of how art should be treated. Dee covets the quilts for their financial and aesthetic value. "But they're priceless!" she exclaims, when she learns that her mother has already promised them to Maggie. Dee argues that Maggie is "backward enough to put them to everyday use." Indeed, this is how Maggie views the quilts. She values them for what they mean to her as an individual. This becomes clear when she says, "I can 'member Grandma Dee without the quilts," implying that her connection with the quilts is personal and emotional rather than financial and aesthetic. She also knows that the quilts are an active process, kept alive through continuous renewal. As the narrator points out, "Maggie knows how to quilt." The two sisters' values concerning the quilt represent the two main approaches to art appreciation in our society. Art can be valued for financial and aesthetic reasons, or it can be valued for personal and emotional reasons. When the narrator snatches the quilts from Dee and gives them to Maggie, Walker is saying that the second set of values is the correct one. Art, in order to be kept alive, must be put to "Everyday Use" -- literally in the case of the quilts, figuratively in the case of conventional art. Alice Walker is using the quilts, and the fate of those quilts, to make the point that art can only have meaning if it remains connected to the culture it sprang from. Her story itself is a good example: Walker didn't write it to be observed under a glass case, judged aesthetically, and sold to the highest bidder; she meant it to be questioned, to be explored, to be debated -- in short, to be put to "Everyday Use."

Free Essays on Sport Business

Without a doubt, consumer privacy is the No. 1 issue facing email marketers today. Given all that is written and discussed about privacy, it can be difficult to establish what the law dictates versus what is considered best practice. We are not lawyers, and you should not take this article as legal advice, but we are here reviewing some relevant laws and best practices related to email marketing. First, it is important to understand what the letter of the law mandates. As of early 2000, 14 states within the U.S. had enacted unsolicited commercial email (UCE) or "antispam" laws, but any federal-level laws directly addressing email marketing have yet to be enacted. The various state laws describe each state's requirements for commercial email messages that are delivered to individuals within that state. Violations may result in financial losses for the marketer because individual consumers or the state may sue the marketer for damages. (Click here for a table that outlines the basic details of the UCE statutes for 14 states.) As intelligent marketers know, sending unsolicited email to a group of individuals can have ramifications even worse than a lawsuit including damage to brand credibility, loss of trust, poor response rates, and waves of unsubscribe requests. In addition to UCE laws, you should familiarize yourself with each state's consumer protection laws. To minimize legal risk and avoid damaging customer relationships, every email marketer should, at the very least, follow the minimal requirements of all 50 states. Many marketers have translated the laws into practice and assert that it is acceptable, but not recommended, to send email to an individual with whom they have an existing business relationship. However, the preferred approach from legal and consumer standpoints is to deliver email messages only to those individuals who have explicitly consented to receive the email. Gathering an opt-in from consumers is ... Free Essays on Sport Business Free Essays on Sport Business Without a doubt, consumer privacy is the No. 1 issue facing email marketers today. Given all that is written and discussed about privacy, it can be difficult to establish what the law dictates versus what is considered best practice. We are not lawyers, and you should not take this article as legal advice, but we are here reviewing some relevant laws and best practices related to email marketing. First, it is important to understand what the letter of the law mandates. As of early 2000, 14 states within the U.S. had enacted unsolicited commercial email (UCE) or "antispam" laws, but any federal-level laws directly addressing email marketing have yet to be enacted. The various state laws describe each state's requirements for commercial email messages that are delivered to individuals within that state. Violations may result in financial losses for the marketer because individual consumers or the state may sue the marketer for damages. (Click here for a table that outlines the basic details of the UCE statutes for 14 states.) As intelligent marketers know, sending unsolicited email to a group of individuals can have ramifications even worse than a lawsuit including damage to brand credibility, loss of trust, poor response rates, and waves of unsubscribe requests. In addition to UCE laws, you should familiarize yourself with each state's consumer protection laws. To minimize legal risk and avoid damaging customer relationships, every email marketer should, at the very least, follow the minimal requirements of all 50 states. Many marketers have translated the laws into practice and assert that it is acceptable, but not recommended, to send email to an individual with whom they have an existing business relationship. However, the preferred approach from legal and consumer standpoints is to deliver email messages only to those individuals who have explicitly consented to receive the email. Gathering an opt-in from consumers is ...

Organization communication today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organization communication today - Essay Example Therefore, they have ideas but cannot get the ideas to other levels of the organization. In addition, they are unable to listen to others. For this reason, they are behaving like the taxi driver who only holds soliloquies, but does not communicate with other people. It is the responsibility of executives in organizations to adopt critical approaches to communication. In order to achieve this, executives face the compulsion of establishing an effective communication feedback loop. Unless such a loop exists, communication breakdown in the organization leads to inefficiency. When organizations lack effective communication channels, it is as if they are talking to the mirrors just as the taxi driver. When they are talking to the mirror, it is impossible for them to communicate organizational goals to other levels of the organization. It is the role of executive teams to define visions and establish goals for the organization. They should rely on the established communication channels in an effort to inspire all the employees so that they can focus on organizational goals. When the executive teams fail to establish effective communication channels, such inspiration is impossible because they cannot get the intended message. Many organizations rely on short-circuited communication systems and expect positive outcomes. With a short-circuited communication system, it is impossible to communicate ideas and receive feedback from employees. Therefore, a short-circuited system blinds the executive team making it extremely difficult to identify existing problems in the organization. If the communications systems were effective, it would be possible for the executive team to develop viable solutions in good time. However, when the type of communication resembles that of the taxi driver, the executive team lacks the capacity to initiate any strategies that would address organizational problems. Other

The effect of electricity supply on Nigeria economy in Oyo state Dissertation

The effect of electricity supply on Nigeria economy in Oyo state - Dissertation Example This study has been made to find the answer to the following questions: How has monopolization in the power sector by the government affected the availability of electricity in the country? Has liberalization led to greater access to electricity at the commercial levels in the state? The Nigerian economy is a developing economy and a major portion of its gross domestic product is a contribution from the small enterprises operating indigenously. For big commercial purposes as well as for small-scale businesses in the modern day scenario electricity is indispensable. There is a unidirectional relationship between electricity consumption of a country and gross domestic product of that country. Nigeria has been plagued with perennial problems of energy crises for almost two decades now; problems are an erratic supply of electrical power is prominent among them. According to the reports published by the government of Nigeria, only 45 percent of the population in the country can consume el ectricity in their daily needs. Among them, a meager 25 percent are rural dwellers. There are vast potential for development in the country for growth in terms of setting up provisions of electricity. The rural states in the country, such as Oyo are yet to have enough access to electricity. This necessitates a study on electricity supply in the states in Nigeria. This study takes Oyo as a representative of the rural areas in the economy to conduct a research on this statement regarding the level of consumption of electricity by the country’s small businesses.... This study has been made to find answer to the following questions: How has monopolization in the power sector by the government affected availability of electricity in the country? Has liberalization led to greater access to electricity at the commercial levels in the state? Therefore the main research question can be stated as â€Å"How has the supply of electricity in Oyo State in Nigeria affected the small businesses in the state?† The study would be conducted following a guideline of certain specific objectives. These objectives would help the researcher concentrate on the aim of conducting the research thereby helping her to complete the research successfully. The research objectives are as mentioned below: To study the level of electricity supply in the rural areas in Nigeria To understand the extent to which commercial and industrial activities in these areas are dependent on electric power To study how modern policy changes have affected power supply in the rural area s in the country Project approach This section of this project is dedicated to present a summarized project plan. The aim of this project is to study a serious issue that has far reaching effects in the social, political and economic spheres in the country. However, this research work is constrained by several factors, such as time and resources, and therefore devising an appropriate project plan is very much necessary (Blackwell, n.d.). This plan sets the context of the research, the design of research and the methodology to be followed (Bangor University, 2013). The project plan is made taking into consideration the theme of the project and the competence of the researcher who is going to execute the relevant activities that the study would

Sanskrit Numerations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sanskrit Numerations - Essay Example It is widely agreed upon that that Vedic form of Sanskrit underwent a seamless evolution into the Classic Sanskrit by the middle of the first millennium BC where it changed from the first language to the second language of religion and learning. The whole Hindu-Arabic numeral system is a place value numeral system, which to the most part is built on the base 10, unlike the Babylonian base 60 system (J.J O'Connor and E F Robertson, par.3). The place value system of enumeration is built into the Sanskrit language which used nine numerals and the zero to give representation to numbers ranging from the smallest of decimals to the largest powers of ten. Sanskrit gives each power of ten a distinguishable name and as a result giving no special significance to a separate number. The Yajurveda Samhitaa listed names of units of ten up to 10 to the twelfth power (India and the Scientific Revolution, sec.3) and in times to come, Buddhist and Jain authors carried forward the list to the fifty-third power. The Sanskrit numeration system provides actual distinct names to the powers of ten, in stark contrast to the English style of using auxiliary bases like thousand, billion etc. Numbers from the start were expressed by taking the names o f the first nine units separately and the powers of ten. For Sanskrit, literature number words were used for the first nine numbers and the powers of ten. The most widely used place value symbols belong to the Devanagari script numerals, which are themselves very similar to the Brahmi numerals and form the basis of the modern Hindu-Arabic numerals (Origins, par.1). The numbers till the first power of 10 in the Sanskrit language are: The introduction of a 10th symbol, for the numeral Zero paved the way for the positional system of decimal numeration. The modern decimal system was born when the symbol for the numeral Zero came in the shape of a small circle with a dot in the middle (the dot was later dropped in the modern '0'). The widely known advancement in Arab mathematics was based on the Sanskrit numeral system and its place value and decimal system of enumeration methods. Around the seventh and eighth century, the simple and ingenious Sanskrit methods came to the attention of the Arabs and it wasn't till the 12th century that it reached Europe when Adelard of Bath translated the work of Al-Khwarizmi (an Arab mathematician) into Latin (India and the scientific revolution, sec.3). Europe, more familiar with the Roman numeral system was resistant to the Sanskrit numeral system but when the eventual adoption finally occurred, a scientific revolution swept Europe beginning in the thirteenth century. Sanskrit language and its numeral system have greatly contributed to the modern day languages and mathematics. The Devanagri script which is adopted by Hindi, Marathi and Sanskrit still employ the same numeral symbols, although the names of the numbers vary by language. The Sanskrit language is used mainly in Hindu religious rituals but the Sanskrit numerals system is the true pioneer of the modern-day mathematics. The place-value system embedded in the Sanskrit numeral system makes some parts of it very logical and wonderfully easy and simple for scientific and mathematical reasoning (India and the scientific revolution, sec.3). It outshone the Greek and Roman numeral methods and forced the Europeans

Assessment of Cadmium levels in Chocolate

Assessment of Cadmium levels in Chocolate Research Proposal Assessment of Cadmium levels in chocolate commercialized in Lebanon Josiane Haddad 1- Background and significance Cadmium (Cd) as an element is a soft silver-white transition metal. It is not usually present in the environment as a pure metal, but is most often present in the form of oxides, sulfides, and carbonates. It does not have a taste or odor. Cadmium sulfate and cadmium chloride are quite soluble in water, whereas metal Cd, cadmium oxide and cadmium sulfide are almost insoluble (International Program on Chemical safety [IPCS], 2007). Cd is released from several sources in nature: mobilization of Cd from the Earths crust and mantle due to volcanic activity, mobilization of Cd impurities in extracted raw materials such as phosphate minerals and fossil fuels, release of Cd from products and processes resulting from the use, disposal, recycling, open burning or incineration, releases from municipal installations and release of Cd previously deposited in soils, sediments, landfills and waste or tailings piles (United Nations Environment Program [UNEP], 2010). It is a toxic metal to humans and classified as a carcinogen by the National Toxicology Program (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry [ATSDR], 2004]. In the human body, Cd is mainly stored in the liver and kidneys. Hence, an early effect indicator of Cd toxicity is increased excretion of proteins in urine, kidney proteinuria, which is the result of proximal tubular cell damage. Several other side effects occur depending on the duration and magnitude of exposure. Skeletal damage is another critical effect of chronic Cd exposure at high levels. Cd concentrations in most tissues increase with age since excretion is normally slow, and the biological half-life is very long (10 to 15 years) (Jin T., Lu J. Nordberg M., 1998) in the muscles, kidneys, liver and whole body. In exposed people with renal damage, urinary excretion of Cd increases and so the whole body half-life is shortened. The kidney burden resulting from cumulative exposure to Cd can be assessed by measuring Cd in urine (UNEP, 2010). Epidemiological and experimental studies have associated occupational Cd exposure with several types of cancers including lung, prostate, renal, liver, hematopoietic system, urinary bladder, pancreatic, testis and stomach cancers (Journal of Inorganic biochemistry, 2000; Joseph P. et al., 2001). Exposure to this toxic metal also severely affects the function of the nervous system (L’opez E. et al., 2003; Cao Y. et al., 2009), with symptoms including headache and vertigo, olfactory dysfunction, Parkinson-like symptoms, slowing of vasomotor functioning, peripheral neuropathy, decreased equilibrium, decreased ability to concentrate and learning disabilities (Cao Y. et al., 2009; Phil R.O. Parkes M., 1977). Presence of Cd was also detected in hair and higher concentrations of hair Cd were reported in children with mental retardation (Marlowe M., Errera J. Jacobs J., 1983) and learning difficulties or dyslexia (Phil R.O. Parkes M., 1977; Capel I. et al., 1981). There are several sources of human exposure to Cd including employment in metal industries, production of certain batteries, some electroplating processes and consumption of tobacco products (International Agency for Research on Cancer [IARC], 1993). However, food accounts for approximately 90% of the Cd intake in the general, non-smoking population since this metal is found in the soil. The quantity absorbed by crops in different locations is influenced by factors such as soil pH, salinity, crop species and varieties and the presence of other elements (e.g., zinc). Less than 10% of the total exposure occurs due to inhalation of Cd in ambient air or ingestion with drinking water (UNEP, 2010). Since Cd is dangerous to humans, a provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) or provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) had to be established. PTWI is an estimate of the amount of the chemical that can be ingested weekly over a lifetime without appreciable health risk (Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO] World Health Organization [WHO], 1988). The European Union recommends a PTWI of 2.5 ÃŽ ¼g/kg of body weight (European Union [EU], 2014). The PTMI for Cd recommended by the FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (ECFA) is 25 ÃŽ ¼g/kg of body weight (FAO WHO, 2014). In 2010, the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) recommended that the acceptable daily intake level of 0.1 à °Ã‚ Ã…“†¡g kg−1 body weight per day for chronic exposure (Mead N., 2010). Studies in several European countries have demonstrated high levels of Cd in agricultural topsoil due to the use of Cd in fertilizers and atmospheric deposition. Over the last 100 years, the increase in soil Cd concentration in Austria, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Ireland and the United Kingdom was estimated to be 7 to 43 percent (UNEP, 2010). Hence, the risk is in continuous increase and further investigation on the quality of the crops and food consumed has to be pursued. Out of the possible crops carrying Cd, cocoa, the seed of the Theobroma cacao tree (Watson R., Preedy V. Zibadi S., 2013; Lee F., 1983), is one of the most consumed by all age groups worldwide, especially by children. The large consumption of cocoa and chocolate products derived from cocoa is due to its pleasant flavor and the feeling of well-being that it gives (Watson R., Preedy V. Zibadi S., 2013). Several studies revealed the benefits of chocolate consumption due to the high levels of flavonoids and antioxidants present in cocoa based foods (Grivetti L. Shapiro H., 2009; Crozier S. al., 2011; Buitrago-Lopez A. et al., 2011). They are an important source of minerals such as Ca, P, Fe, Mg, Cu, Zn, K, and Mn (Grivetti L. Shapiro H., 2009; Peixoto R., Oliveira E. Cadore S., 2012; Pedro N., Oliveira E. Cadore S., 2006). In addition, they may prevent harmful effects caused by free radicals in the human body, contributing to the reduction of cardiovascular disease and cancer risk (Fernandez-Murga L. et al., 2011; Yao H., 2011). However, the presence of potentially toxic elements has also been reported (Rehman S. Husnain M., 2013; Yanus R. et al., 2014), particularly lead and Cd (Dahiya S. et al., 2005; Jalbani N. et al., 2009). Previous studies have been performed to test the presence of Cd in chocolate samples in several countries and the results revealed the presence of this heavy metal with a large margin of variation. In turkey 20-30 ppb were observed, in India 1 to 2730 ppb were reported, in Malaysia 280 to 420 ppb and in Pakistan 4.3 to 190 ppb were observed (Dahiya S. et al., 2005; da Silva A. et al., 2006; Dos Santos A. et al., 2005; Guldas M. et al., 2008; Lee P. and Low T., 1985; Leggli C.et al., 2011). In Oakland, California, the non-profit organization As You Sow (AYS) tested Cd levels in 42 products, 26 of which contained lead and/or Cd level above what the state of California considers safe. The organization sent legal notices in the context of holding more heavy metals than allowed under the Golden State’s Proposition 65 toxic chemical warning law to 16 manufacturers including Hershey’s, See’s, Mars, Godiva, Ghirardelli, Lindt, Green and Black’s, Kroger, Whole Food s, Trader Joe’s, Earth Circle Organics, Moonstruck, Theo, and Vosges (AYS, 2015; The Washington Post, 2015). In this study, given that some of the brands commercialized worldwide are found in Lebanon, cocoa and chocolate derivatives will be tested for their Cd content. Specific Aim Various brands of chocolate, whether local or imported brands, are largely consumed in Lebanon. The main ingredients in chocolate consist of cocoa, milk and fats, each of which is a potential source of Cd. No study has been conducted till now to assess the quantity of toxic metals present in the products on the market. Hence, a study to determine Cd levels is important for chocolate consumers and manufacturers. The aim of this study is to assess Cd levels in chocolate samples mostly consumed by the Lebanese population and compare those levels to the values issued by global health organizations. Research design and methods Sample collection Different brands of dark chocolate, milk chocolate and cocoa powder are collected from different stores according to the most sold brand. The shelf life of most milk chocolate samples is one year, and 2 years for dark chocolate. Samples will be labeled and stored at a temperature between 15 and 17à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C. Samples will be kept wrapped in foil and placed inside a Ziploc plastic bag so that they do not absorb the odors and moisture from the refrigerator (Subarmanian P., 1998). Microwave digestion In order to detect heavy metals in cocoa, the samples have to be digested since the matrices are organic. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), microwave digestion can be followed on chocolate samples where up to 0.5g are digested in 5mL of concentrated nitric acid and up to 2mL hydrogen peroxide (Onianwa P.C. et al. 1999; Mounicou S. et al., 2002), which can also be substituted by nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid (Gà ¼ldaÃ…Å ¸ M., Adnan F.D., Biricik F.B., 2008). The digestion is run in PTFE vessels at approximately 180 ±5à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C for 15 minutes (Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2004). The time and temperature are subject to variation in order to find the most convenient parameters for the samples tested. Wet digestion method can also be applied in the digestion of chocolate samples. The two methods are comparable in results (Jalbani N. et al., 2009). However, wet digestion requires a greater use of chemicals and causes a greater risk of contamination (Jalbani N. et al., 2009). As the samples will be used to assess both lead (Pb) and Cd, each sample is spiked with an internal standard of Pb and Cd prior to digestion (FDA, 2014). Obtained samples after digestion are reconstituted to 25mL with ultrapure distilled water in volumetric flasks then placed in vials and stored in the refrigerator (EPA, 2004; Jalbani N. et al., 2009). Atomic absorption analysis For quantitation, stock Cd and lead standard solutions of 1000mg/L each are diluted to different concentrations and a standard addition method is followed to prepare a calibration curve. Diluted Cd and lead stock standards with 1% nitric acid will be placed in nitric acid rinsed volumetric flask and stored in plastic bottles (Teflon ® FEP or HDPE bottles recommended). Both elements can be combined in the same solution (Food and Drug Administration [FDA], 2010). The heavy metal is detected by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS). Electrodeless discharge lamps for Cd and Pb are operated, alternatively. Cd will be detected at a wavelength of 228.8 nm (FDA, 2010). Pure argon (99.999%) is used as the purge and protective gas. Different chemical modifiers will be tried to find the most convenient one such as ammonium phosphate, magnesium nitrate, phosphoric acid or others. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis will be done in two different stages. First, the mean Cd concentration of each brand of chocolate will be calculated and proportion differences for independent samples will be tested by comparing the calculated mean values to the permitted ones by Global Health Organizations. If significant differences are observed, a second step of analysis will be performed in which the studied brands are subcategorized forming a contingency table. The differences can be identified by a χ ² test thus allowing the formation of an ANOVA study to check in depth for the differences within the categories and between them. Using these methods, the most diverging categories from the norm will be identified. Expected results This study will most likely reveal the presence of Cd in chocolate samples as it has been the case in other similar studies. Some samples might have values higher than the tolerable intake specified by global health organizations. Potential problems Cd is toxic at low doses (FAO WHO, 1988; Mead N., 2010; EU, 2014; FAO WHO, 2014) and may be found in low doses in some samples as shown in previous studies (Dahiya S. et al., 2005; da Silva A. et al., 2006; Dos Santos A. et al., 2005; Guldas M. et al., 2008; Lee P. and Low T., 1985; Leggli C. et al., 2011). Accordingly, the selection of an appropriate chemical modifier for AAS analysis is very important. Several trials will be attempted in order to select the optimal type. In addition, the order and receipt of chemicals will be time consuming. Time frame Completion of the proposed aim requires duration of 3 to 4 months in order to allow for the collection of samples, sample digestion, graphite furnace analysis, evaluation and statistical analysis of the results obtained.

probability of brest cancer :: essays research papers

Probability of Breast Cancer A National Cancer Institute (NCI) report estimates that about 1 in 8 women in the United States (approximately 13.3 percent) will develop breast cancer during her lifetime. This estimate is based on cancer rates from 1997 through 1999, as reported in NCI's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program publication SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1973–1999. This publication presents estimates of the risk of developing breast cancer in 10-, 20-, and 30-year intervals. Each age interval is assigned a weight in the calculations based on the proportion of the population living to that age. The 1 in 8 figure means that, if current rates stay constant, a female born today has a 1 in 8 chance of being diagnosed with breast cancer sometime during her life. On the other hand, she has a 7 in 8 chance of never developing breast cancer. Because the SEER calculations are weighted they take into account that not all women live to older ages, when breast cancer risk becomes the greatest. A woman's chance of being diagnosed with breast cancer is:* from age 30 to age 40 . . . . . . . 1 out of 252 from age 40 to age 50 . . . . . . . 1 out of 68 from age 50 to age 60 . . . . . . . 1 out of 35 from age 60 to age 70 . . . . . . . 1 out of 27 Ever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 out of 8 In evaluating cancer risk for a cancer-free individual at a specific point in time, age-specific (conditional) probabilities are more appropriate than lifetime probabilities. For example, at age 50 a cancer-free black woman has about a 2.5-percent chance of developing breast cancer by age 60, and a cancer-free white woman has about a 2.9-percent chance. Among the racial/ethnic groups studied by SEER**, non-Hispanic white, Hawaiian, and black women have the highest levels of breast cancer risk. Other Asian/Pacific Islander groups and Hispanic women have lower levels of risk. Some of the lowest levels of risk occur among Korean and Vietnamese women.